Photonics Rules of Thumb: Optics, Electro-Optics, Fiber Optics, and Lasers, Second Edition

by: Ed Friedman, John Lester Miller
Abstract: Quickly and easily estimate the impact of change with 300 proven photonics calculations! This book is updated with 100 completely new and improved rules and organized into 18 chapters that include lasers, detectors, optics of the atmosphere, and many more! Here is a handy compilation of 300 cost-saving, think-on-your-feet photonics rules of thumb designed to save you hours of design time and a world of frustration. Within seconds you can accurately gauge the impact of a suggested design change on your project. It is the premiere collection of these valuable rules in a single, quick look-up reference.These simple-to-implement calculations allow you to rapidly pinpoint trouble spots, ask the right questions at meetings, and are perfect for quick sanity checks of last-minute specifications or performance feature additions. Offering a convenient alphabetical arrangement according to specialty, this unique reference spans the entire spectrum of photonics, including: eighteen chapters covering optics, electro-optics, optics of the atmosphere, radiometry, technologies related to security and surveillance systems, lasers, and many others. If you want to develop a sense of what will work and what won’t and want the calculations to keep things real, "Photonics Rules of Thumb" belongs on your desk or in your pocket.
Full details
Table of Contents
- A. Acknowledgments
- B. Introduction
- 1. Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification
- 2. Astronomy
- 3. Atmospherics
- 4. Backgrounds
- 5. Cryogenics
- 6. Detectors
- 7. Displays
- 8. The Human Eye
- 9. Lasers
- 10. Material Properties
- 11. Miscellaneous
- 12. Ocean Optics
- 13. Optics
- 14. Radiometry
- 15. Shop Optics
- 16. Systems
- 17. Target Phenomenology
- A. Visible and Television Sensors
- A. Tables of Useful Values and Conversions
- B. Glossary
- C. About the Authors
Tools & Media
Expanded Table of Contents
- A. Acknowledgments
- B. Introduction
- 1. Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification
- SNR REQUIREMENTS
- THE JOHNSON CRITERIA
- PROBABILITY OF DETECTION ESTIMATION
- CORRECTING FOR PROBABILITY OF CHANCE
- DETECTION CRITERIA
- ESTIMATING PROBABILITY CRITERIA FROM N 50
- GIMBAL TO SLEWED WEIGHT
- IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION IMPROVEMENT FOR INTERPOLATION
- RESOLUTION REQUIREMENT
- MTF SQUEEZE
- PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION
- RAYLEIGH CRITERION
- RESOLUTION REQUIRED TO READ A LETTER
- SUBPIXEL ACCURACY
- NATIONAL IMAGE INTERPRETABILITY RATING SCALE CRITERIA
- 2. Astronomy
- ATMOSPHERIC “SEEING”
- BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE OF THE SUN
- DIRECT LUNAR RADIANCE
- NUMBER OF ACTUATORS IN AN ADAPTIVE OPTIC
- NUMBER OF INFRARED SOURCES PER SQUARE DEGREE
- NUMBER OF STARS AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH
- NUMBER OF STARS ABOVE A GIVEN IRRADIANCE
- PHOTON RATE AT A FOCAL PLANE
- REDUCTION OF MAGNITUDE BY AIRMASS
- A SIMPLE MODEL OF STELLAR POPULATIONS
- 3. Atmospherics
- ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION OR BEER’S LAW
- IMPACT OF WEATHER ON VISIBILITY
- ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION AS A FUNCTION OF VISIBILITY
- BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENT FOR ADAPTIVE OPTICS
- Cn2 ESTIMATES
- Cn2 AS A FUNCTION OF WEATHER
- FREE-SPACE LINK MARGINS
- FRIED PARAMETER
- INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR
- THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER VAPOR
- PHASE ERROR ESTIMATION
- SHACK-HARTMANN NOISE
- VERTICAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
- VISIBILITY DISTANCE FOR RAYLEIGH AND MIE SCATTERING
- 4. Backgrounds
- CLUTTER AND SIGNAL-TO-CLUTTER RATIO
- CLUTTER PSD FORM
- EARTH’S EMISSION AND REFLECTION
- EFFECTIVE SKY TEMPERATURE
- EMISSIVITY APPROXIMATIONS
- FRAME DIFFERENCING GAIN
- GENERAL INFRARED CLUTTER BEHAVIOR
- ILLUMINANCE CHANGES DURING TWILIGHT
- REFLECTIVITY OF A WET SURFACE
- SKY IRRADIANCE
- SPENCER’S SIGNAL-TO-CLUTTER RATIO AS A FUNCTION OF RESOLUTION
- 5. Cryogenics
- BOTTLE FAILURE
- COLD SHIELD COATINGS
- COOLER CAPACITY EQUATION
- COOLING WITH SOLID CRYOGEN
- FAILURE PROBABILITIES FOR CRYOCOOLERS
- JOULE–THOMSON CLOGGING
- JOULE–THOMSON GAS BOTTLE WEIGHTS
- SINE RULE OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCE FROM COLD SHIELDS
- STIRLING COOLER EFFICIENCY
- TEMPERATURE LIMITS ON DETECTOR/DEWAR
- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MULTILAYER INSULATION
- CRYOCOOLER SIZING RULE
- RADIANT INPUT FROM DEWARS
- 6. Detectors
- APD PERFORMANCE
- RESPONSIVITY OF AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES
- DEFINING BACKGROUND-LIMITED PERFORMANCE FOR DETECTORS
- DIGITIZER SIZING
- HGCDTE “X” CONCENTRATION
- MARTIN’S DETECTOR DC PEDESTAL
- NOISE BANDWIDTH OF DETECTORS
- NONUNIFORMITY EFFECTS ON SNR
- PEAK VERSUS CUTOFF
- PERFORMANCE DEPENDENCE ON R OA
- RESPONSIVITY AND QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
- SHOT NOISE RULE
- SPECIFYING 1/f NOISE
- WELL CAPACITY
- IR DETECTOR SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE
- 7. Displays
- 8. The Human Eye
- CONE DENSITY OF THE HUMAN EYE
- DATA LATENCY FOR HUMAN PERCEPTION
- DYSCHROMATOPIC VISION
- ENERGY FLOW INTO THE EYE
- EYE MOTION DURING THE FORMATION OF AN IMAGE
- FREQUENCY AT WHICH SEQUENCES OF IMAGES APPEAR AS A SMOOTH FLOW
- EYE RESOLUTION
- LITTLE BITS OF EYE STUFF
- OLD-AGE RULES
- OPTICAL FIELDS OF VIEW
- PUPIL SIZE
- THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF CONES
- RETINAL ILLUMINATION
- ROD DENSITY PEAKS AROUND AN ECCENTRICITY OF 30°
- SIMPLIFIED OPTICS TRANSFER FUNCTIONS FOR THE COMPONENTS OF THE EYE
- STEREOGRAPH DISTANCE
- SUPERPOSITION OF COLORS
- VISION CREATING A FIELD OF VIEW
- 9. Lasers
- APERTURE SIZE FOR LASER BEAMS
- ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF A 10.6-µM LASER
- CROSS SECTION OF A RETRO-REFLECTOR
- GAUSSIAN BEAM RADIUS RELATIONSHIPS
- INCREASED REQUIREMENT FOR RANGEFINDER SNR TO OVERCOME ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
- LASER BEAM DIVERGENCE
- LASER BEAM QUALITY
- LASER BEAM SCINTILLATION
- LASER BEAM SPREAD
- LASER BEAM SPREAD COMPARED WITH DIFFRACTION
- LASER BEAM WANDER VARIANCE
- LASER BRIGHTNESS
- LED VS. LASER RELIABILITY
- LIDAR PERFORMANCE
- ON-AXIS INTENSITY OF A BEAM
- PEAK INTENSITY OF A BEAM WITH INTERVENING ATMOSPHERE
- POINTING OF A BEAM OF LIGHT
- PULSE STRETCHING IN SCATTERING ENVIRONMENTS
- THERMAL FOCUSING IN ROD LASERS
- 10. Material Properties
- CAUCHY EQUATION
- DIAMETER-TO-THICKNESS (ASPECT) RATIO FOR MIRRORS
- DIP COATING
- DOME COLLAPSE PRESSURE
- FIGURE CHANGE OF METAL MIRRORS
- MASS IS PROPORTIONAL TO ELEMENT SIZE CUBED
- MECHANICAL STABILITY RULES
- MIRROR SUPPORT CRITERIA
- NATURAL FREQUENCY OF A DEFORMABLE MIRROR
- PRESSURE ON A PLANE WINDOW
- PROPERTIES OF FUSED SILICA
- SPIN-CAST MIRRORS
- 11. Miscellaneous
- 12. Ocean Optics
- 13. Optics
- ABERRATION DEGRADING THE BLUR SPOT
- ABERRATION SCALING
- ACOUSTO-OPTIC TUNABLE FILTER BANDPASS
- BLUR VS. FIELD-DEPENDENT ABERRATIONS
- CIRCULAR VARIABLE FILTERS
- DEFOCUS FOR A TELESCOPE FOCUSED AT INFINITY
- DIFFRACTION IS PROPORTIONAL TO PERIMETER
- DIFFRACTION PRINCIPLES DERIVED FROM THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
- f/# FOR CIRCULAR OBSCURED APERTURES
- FABRY−PEROT ETALONS
- FOCAL LENGTH AND FIELD OF VIEW
- GRATING BLOCKERS
- GRATING EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH
- HOLLOW WAVEGUIDES
- HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE
- THE LAW OF REFLECTANCE
- LIMIT ON FOV FOR REFLECTIVE TELESCOPES
- LINEAR APPROXIMATION FOR OPTICAL MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION
- ANTIREFLECTION COATING INDEX
- MAXIMUM USEFUL PUPIL DIAMETER
- MINIMUM f/#
- OPTICAL COST
- OPTICAL PERFORMANCE OF A TELESCOPE
- PEAK-TO-VALLEY APPROXIMATES FOUR TIMES THE ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE
- PULSE BROADENING IN A FABRY−PEROT ETALON
- ROOT-SUM-SQUARED BLUR
- SCATTER DEPENDS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WAVELENGTH
- SHAPE OF MIRRORS
- SPHERICAL ABERRATION AND f/#
- STOP DOWN TWO STOPS
- 14. Radiometry
- ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION ACCURACY
- BANDPASS OPTIMIZATION
- BLACKBODY OR PLANCK FUNCTION
- BRIGHTNESS OF COMMON SOURCES
- CALIBRATE UNDER USE CONDITIONS
- EFFECTIVE CAVITY EMISSIVITY
- THE MRT/NEΔT RELATIONSHIP
- THE ETENDUE OR OPTICAL INVARIANT RULE
- IDEAL NETD SIMPLIFICATION
- LABORATORY BLACKBODY ACCURACY
- LAMBERT’S LAW
- LOGARITHMIC BLACKBODY FUNCTION
- NARROWBAND APPROXIMATION TO PLANCK’S LAW
- THE PEAK WAVELENGTH OR WIEN DISPLACEMENT LAW
- PHOTONS-TO-WATTS CONVERSION
- QUICK TEST OF NEΔT
- THE RULE OF 4f/# 2
- 15. Shop Optics
- ACCURACY OF FIGURES
- APPROXIMATIONS FOR FOUCAULT KNIFE-EDGE TESTS
- CLEANING OPTICS CAUTION
- COLLIMATOR MARGIN
- DETECTION OF FLATNESS BY THE EYE
- DIAMOND TURNING CROSSFEED SPEED
- EFFECT OF SURFACE IRREGULARITY ON THE WAVEFRONT
- FRINGE MOVEMENT
- MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE
- OVERSIZING AN OPTICAL ELEMENT FOR PRODUCIBILITY
- PITCH HARDNESS
- STICKY NOTES TO REPLACE COMPUTER PUNCH CARDS FOR ALIGNMENT
- PRESTON'S LAW
- PROPERTIES OF VISIBLE GLASS
- SCRATCH AND DIG
- SURFACE TILT IS TYPICALLY THE WORST ERROR
- 16. Systems
- BAFFLE ATTENUATION
- EXPECTED MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION
- BLIP LIMITING RULE
- DAWES LIMIT OF TELESCOPE RESOLUTION
- DIVIDE BY THE NUMBER OF VISITS
- GENERAL IMAGE QUALITY EQUATION
- GOOD FRINGE VISIBILITY
- LWIR DIFFRACTION LIMIT
- OVERLAP REQUIREMENTS
- PACKAGING APERTURES IN GIMBALS
- PICK ANY TWO
- PROCEDURES TO REDUCE NARCISSUS EFFECTS
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOCAL LENGTH AND RESOLUTION
- SIMPLIFIED RANGE EQUATION
- SYSTEM OFF-AXIS REJECTION
- TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM
- TYPICAL VALUES OF EO SYSTEM PARAMETERS
- WIND LOADING ON A STRUCTURE
- LARGEST OPTICAL ELEMENT DRIVES THE MASS OF THE TELESCOPE
- 17. Target Phenomenology
- BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
- CAUSES OF WHITE PIGMENT’S COLOR
- CHLOROPHYLL ABSORPTANCE
- EMISSIVITY APPROXIMATIONS
- THE HAGAN−RUBENS RELATIONSHIP FOR THE REFLECTIVITY OF METALS
- HUMAN BODY SIGNATURE
- IR SKIN CHARACTERISTICS
- JET PLUME PHENOMENOLOGY RULES
- LAMBERTIAN VS. SPECULAR
- LASER CROSS SECTION
- MORE PLUME RULES
- PLUME THRUST SCALING
- ROCKET PLUME RULES
- SOLAR REFLECTION ALWAYS ADDS TO SIGNATURE
- TEMPERATURE AS A FUNCTION OF AERODYNAMIC HEATING
- A. Visible and Television Sensors
- AIRY DISK DIAMETER APPROXIMATES f/# (FOR VISIBLE SYSTEMS)
- CCD SIZE
- CHARGE TRANSFER EFFICIENCY RULES
- CMOS DEPLETION SCALING
- CORRELATED DOUBLE SAMPLING
- DOMINATION OF SPURIOUS CHARGE FOR CCDS
- EQUIVALENT ISO SPEED OF A SENSOR
- HOBBS’ CCD NOISES
- IMAGE INTENSIFIER RESOLUTION
- INCREASE IN INTENSIFIER PHOTOCATHODE EBI WITH TEMPERATURE
- LOW-BACKGROUND NEQ APPROXIMATION
- MICROCHANNEL PLATE NOISE FIGURE AND NOISE FACTOR
- NOISE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
- NOISE EQUATIONS FOR CMOS APSS AND CCDS
- PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE POWER SUPPLY NOISE
- P-WELL CCDS ARE HARDER THAN N-TYPE
- RICHARDSON’S EQUATION FOR PHOTOCATHODE THERMIONIC CURRENT
- SILICON QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
- WILLIAMS’ LINES OF RESOLUTION PER MEGAHERTZ
- A. Tables of Useful Values and Conversions
- B. Glossary
- C. About the Authors
Book Details
Title: Photonics Rules of Thumb: Optics, Electro-Optics, Fiber Optics, and Lasers, Second Edition
Publisher: McGraw-Hill: New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto
Copyright / Pub. Date: 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ISBN: 9780071385190
Authors:
Ed Friedman earned a B.S. in physics at the University of Mary in 1966 and a Ph.D. in cryogenic physics from Wayne State University in 1972. He started his career in the field of ocean optics and subsequently developed system concepts for remote sensing of the atmosphere and oceans. After completing studies related to the design of spacecraft and instruments for the measurement of the radiation balance of the Earth, he was appointed a visiting scientist in the climate program at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Subsequent employers included The Mitre Corporation, Martin Marietta (where he met the co-author), Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation, and the Boeing Company, where he currently serves as a Technical Fellow in the Lasers and Electo-Optics Division.In the last ten years, he has concentrated on the development of mission concepts and technologies for astrophysics and space science. While at Ball, he was Chief Technologist of the Civil Space business unit. Recent areas of interest include the use of space-based interferometers to create detailed maps of stellar positions and the use of coronagraphic methods for detection of planets in distant solar systems. In 2001, he was awarded a patent for a novel method of alignment and phasing of large, deployed Earth-viewing optics. He has been a patent reviewer for the journal Applied Optics and an editor for the journal Optical Engineering. Dr. Friedman has published more than 10 peer-reviewed papers on remote sensing, diffractive beam propagation, and ocean optics. Early in his career, he published a book and approximately ten articles on electronics. While a visiting scientist at NCAR, he published five articles on the role of remote sensing in detecting human influences on climate. He is the coauthor of the two previous editions of this book. Ed recently retired after two seasons as a member of the National Ski Patrol. He and his wife Judith Friedman live in the mountains west of Boulder, Colorado.
John Lester Miller earned a B.S. in Physics at the University of Southern California in 1981, participated in physics, math, and engineering graduate studies at Cal State Long Beach and the University of Hawaii, then earned an M.B.A. from Regis University in 1989. He chairs the SPIE session of advanced infrared technology, co-chairs the session on homeland security, and referees papers for several electro-optical journals. He has held positions as Chief Scientist, Director of Advanced Technologies, Program Director, Functional Manager, Lead Engineer, and Electro-Optical Engineer with FLIR Systems (Portland, Oregon), the Research Triangle Institute (Lake Oswego, OR), Martin Marietta/Lockheed Martin (Denver, Colorado; Utica, New York; and Orlando, Florida), the University of Hawaii’s NASA IRTF (Hilo, Hawaii), Rockwell International (Seal Beach, California), Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories (Pasadena, California), and Griffith Observatory (Los Angeles, California). While at Martin Marietta in Denver, he met Ed Friedman. He has published more than 40 papers on optical sciences and is the author of Principles of Infrared Technology and the co-author of the two previous editions of this book. John has several patents pending in electro-optical technologies. His experience includes leading integrated research, design, and marketing efforts on advanced security systems, active imagers, infrared sensors, space sensors, helmet-mounted systems, scientific instrumentation, homeland security surveillance systems, radiometric test facilities, aviation enhanced vision systems, and environmental and weather monitoring sensors. John is Vice President of Advanced Technology for FLIR Systems, Inc., in Portland, Oregon. He and his wife, Corinne Foster, split their time between Lake Oswego and
Description: Quickly and easily estimate the impact of change with 300 proven photonics calculations! This book is updated with 100 completely new and improved rules and organized into 18 chapters that include lasers, detectors, optics of the atmosphere, and many more! Here is a handy compilation of 300 cost-saving, think-on-your-feet photonics rules of thumb designed to save you hours of design time and a world of frustration. Within seconds you can accurately gauge the impact of a suggested design change on your project. It is the premiere collection of these valuable rules in a single, quick look-up reference.These simple-to-implement calculations allow you to rapidly pinpoint trouble spots, ask the right questions at meetings, and are perfect for quick sanity checks of last-minute specifications or performance feature additions. Offering a convenient alphabetical arrangement according to specialty, this unique reference spans the entire spectrum of photonics, including: eighteen chapters covering optics, electro-optics, optics of the atmosphere, radiometry, technologies related to security and surveillance systems, lasers, and many others. If you want to develop a sense of what will work and what won’t and want the calculations to keep things real, "Photonics Rules of Thumb" belongs on your desk or in your pocket.